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Research papers

Research papers: “associated with” is not “causes”

A finding is only as strong as the words around it. LexyRead helps you keep a link from becoming a cause, and a result in mice from becoming a result in people.

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A student reads a research paper with one finding highlighted

Three lines to try

Read each line. Before you open it, decide which word changes the meaning.

  1. Coffee intake was associated with lower risk of stroke.
    Check my reading

    The deciding wordsCoffee intake was associated with lower risk of stroke.

    Easy to read asCoffee lowers the risk of stroke.

    What it actually saysPeople who drank more coffee had a lower risk. The line reports a link, not that coffee causes it.

    Change “was associated with” to “caused” and the sentence would claim a cause.

  2. In mice, the compound reduced tumor growth.
    Check my reading

    The deciding wordsIn mice, the compound reduced tumor growth.

    Easy to read asThe compound reduces tumor growth.

    What it actually saysIt did so in mice. The line says nothing about people.

    Without “In mice”, the result would read as true in general.

  3. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05).
    Check my reading

    The deciding wordsThe difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05).

    Easy to read asThe difference is large and important.

    What it actually saysThe difference is unlikely to be chance alone at the 5% level. It says nothing about how large or important it is.

    Without “statistically significant (p < 0.05)”, there would be no claim that the difference is more than chance.

How LexyRead helps

  1. Bring your own text

    Paste or upload the document you actually have to read.

  2. Find the word first

    You pick the word you think decides the meaning before anything is shown.

  3. Check against the exact words

    LexyRead marks a word only when changing it would change the meaning, and shows the line it comes from.

LexyRead is reading practice. It does not judge whether a study is right.

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LexyRead keeps the original text in front of you. It does not summarize it.

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